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Doing scientific paper is tough and difficult task for learners in any level. In order to overcome these difficulties, here is the appropriate format in writing a scientific paper.

TITLE

The research title is not too long or too short. It shows the dependent and independent variables. It tells something what the study is all about. It serves as the main purpose or primary problem in the study. It should be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and time-bound.

ABSTRACT

The research abstract presents an overview of the study and consists of three (3) major components namely the problems, methods and findings. One or two (2) paragraphs are enough for the abstract. There must be keywords at the bottom of the abstract.

INTRODUCTION

The research introduction presents the nature, historical background, stages of development or evolution of the chosen topic. The introduction states the legal basis of the study; relevant theories and related concepts or direct statements of experts in connection with the current study. The introduction may present existing problems that need urgent solutions; gaps in knowledge that need clarification and controversies and claims that need logical explanation. The researcher may states his own views based on his observations, daily situations or life experiences. Any source of information should have proper citation. The researcher should acknowledge the authors or writers appropriately and learn how to paraphrase everything to avoid plagiarism. Research introduction covers up theoretical framework and/or conceptual framework, the general objective or main problem, specific problems, hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and delimitation/limitation of the study and definition of terms.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

The research materials include all the things that had been used in the study such as laboratory equipment, measuring devices, activity materials, electronic gadgets, survey questionnaire and so forth. Measurement of mass, volume, density, temperature, pressure, should be accurate and precise and expressed in measuring units. The study requires research instrument that had been validated by experts for the collection of information or data. Data gathered should be presented in tables and/or graphs. Quantitative research needs probability sampling techniques and sample size. Statistical treatment is required in analyzing and interpreting of data to come up with valid results. Inferential statistics which includes Chi-square, T-test, Pearson r, F-test, Z-test and Analysis of Variance or ANOVA are recommended to use in analyzing and interpreting of data.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the study refers to the findings itself. It should answer the research problems statistically. The computed value of any statistical test should be compared with the tabular or p value of the standardized test. The discussion of the results shows the significance, relationship and relevance of the variables of the study. It also presents the theories and studies which are related and relevant with the current study. It also discusses the agreements, disagreements, conflicting ideas, gaps and claims of experts in relation to the current study. The discussion presents the researcher’s decision whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis for them to arrive into valid generalizations.

CONCLUSION

Conclusion refers to the generalized statements based on the findings or results of the study. It should be written in paragraph form.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendations refers to the suggestions of the researchers based on the given conclusions or generalizations. It may be written in bullet form.

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Making a research paper is not an easy task. Students and even professionals have encountered difficulties in making a research paper. To simplify all these things, here are the common parts of a research paper and the explanation of each part for your reference and understanding.

Chapter 1 – THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

There is an introductory statement before the real introduction.

Introduction

Introduction is the first sub-heading or subsection of Chapter 1. The content and context of the Introduction should be written in present tense form except previous citations or studies in past tense form. Introduction presents the nature of the chosen topic or study. It states the legal basis of the study with proper citations. It also presents existing problems or issues that need appropriate solutions. It may states knowledge gaps that need clarification or further investigation. It also shows certain observations and experiences of the researcher that require more attention.

Theoretical Framework / Conceptual Framework

Theoretical Framework and/or Conceptual Framework serve as the backbone or foundation of the study. Theoretical Framework consists relevant theories which are related to the topic or study. These theories might be classical, new theories, conflicting theories that may support, favorable or may disprove or oppose the existing theory or views. Conceptual Framework consists of ideas, concepts, views, beliefs, perceptions and principles of the reseacher based on his acquired knowledge and skills; observed phenomenon or life experiences. Concept map is usually constructed by the researcher to show his ideas clearly. Concept map consists of ideas, lines, arrows and phrases to show connections and logical relationships of things. Theoretical Framework and Conceptual Framework should be written in paragraph form as well as in graphical presentation.

Statement of the Problem

Statement of the Problem serves as heart of the research paper. It has a main problem or purpose and some specific problems or purposes. The specific problems should be anchored from the main problem or purpose. The main problem or purpose of the study should be derived from the research title. The main problem or purpose should be written in declarative form. The specific problems should be written in interrogative form or in declarative form if stating its specific purposes

Hypotheses of the Study

Hypotheses of the Study might be the scientific guess or possible answers to the problems. Hypothesis may be alternative, null or conditional form. Alternative hypothesis is written in positive form. Null hypothesis is written in negative form by using “not” or “no” in the statement. Conditional hypothesis uses “if” and “then” words in the statement. Researchers prefer to use null hypothesis in their research paper.

Significance of the Study

Significance of the Study simply states the importance of the study. The study should have benefits, advantages, impact, implication and relevance to the people, future researchers, institutions, environment and other stakeholders to serve its purpose.

Scope and Delimitation (or Limitation) of the Study

Scope and Delimitation of the Study presents the coverage, range or parameter of the study. It includes the subject of the study, place and length of time used in conducting the investigation. Scope and Limitation of the Study applies when there are some restrictions or things beyond the control of the researcher. Scope and Delimitation of the Study applies if it delimits those restrictions or the researcher can control certain variables in his study.

Definition of Terms

Definiton of Terms is the last subheading or subsection of Chapter 1. Definition of Terms provides the meaning of a term or group of words mentioned or used in the study. It may be classified into conceptual definition or operational definition. Conceptual definition is based on the statement of experts that can be found in the dictionary, enclopedia or reviewed articles. Operational definition is based on the reseacher’s understanding and ideas and how these ideas are contextually used by the researcher in his study.

Chapter 2 – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

There should be an introductory statement before the related literature.

Related Literature

Related Literature refers to the vast collection of ideas, concepts and theories that are related and relevant to the current study. These information may be found in published books, magazines, newspapers and internet sources. Expert’s ideas are obtained and paraphrased it with proper citation of the researcher. Direct statements from the author or writer should be presented with quotation marks, center-paged and written in single space with proper citation at the end. There should be more local literature than foreign literature that best fit in the study. Minimum of ten sources of literature and ten sources of studies, either local or foreign, are considered.

Related Studies

Related Studies refer to the collection of researches or investigations done by experts or reputable organizations. These studies or investigations may include unpublished college thesis, master’s thesis or dissertations. Related studies may be local or foreign investigations. Peer reviewed scientific jounrnals are best suited for the current study. Look for the paper’s abstract, problems, method and findings in order to have complete understanding of the previous study. Acknoweledge the researchers appropriately through proper citation and paraphrase everything to avoid plagiarism.

Justification and Synthesis of the Study

Justification and Synthesis of the Study refers to the process of justifiying and synthesizing of information gathered based on researcher’s own understanding and views from related literature and related studies. It discusses or explains the conflicting theories, agreements, disagreements or claims of experts, theorists or investigators on certain topic.

Chapter 3 – METHOD OF STUDY

There is an introductory statement before the research design.

Research Design

Research Design refers to the blueprint plan of the study. It may be experimental, descriptive, correlational, historical, qualitative, quantitative or combination of both. The researcher should discuss what type of research or investigation that he conducted recently.

Participants of the Study

Participants of the Study refers to the people or respondents who directly and indirectly involved, engaged and participating actively in the given task or in answering the survey questionnaire online or in person. The researcher should determine the target population in order to get the sample size using probability sampling techniques. The sample represents the entire population of the study. Probability sampling includes simple random sampling, strafied sampling, systematic sampling, cluster sampling or using randomizer applications.

Research Locale

Research Locale refers to the description of the participants or respondents and the venue of the study or the research setting. The researcher should describe the demographic profile of the respondents and the place where the study had been conducted.

Research Instrument

Research Instrument refers to the tool or device used by the researcher in gathering information or data from the participants or respondents. The researchers should construct own survey questionnaire which will be validated by experts on the said topic or study for authenticity, reliability and credibility. The devised questionnaire should undergo pilot testing before conducting it to the respondents. If the researcher will use ready-made and standardized test or questionnaire, he should ask permission first to the owner of the questionnaire before the researcher uses it on his current study.

Data Gathering Procedure

Data Gatherring Procedure refers to steps or ways on how to collect or gather information or data from the participants or respondents. The researcher should present and discuss in detail the entire process of collecting data or information from the start up to the end. Qualitative research uses interviews, observations, peer group discussion and get involved with the participants to understand subjectively certain phenomenon. Qualitative research uses thematic codes to analyze and interpret certain phenomenon. Quantitative research uses objective-type of survey questionnaire and presents the data in numerical form which can be treated statistically to arrive into a valid result.

Data Analysis

Data Analysis presents ways on how these information or data had been analyzed and intepreted statistically. Qualitative research uses thematic coding while quantitative research utilizes statistical tests to have a decision, whether to accept or reject the research hypothesis. Thus, interpretation comes in after determining the test computed value in comparison with the standardized test tabular or p value at certain percentage level of significance.

Chapter 4 – PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

There is an introductory statement before presenting the tables.

Data Presentation

Data or information may be presented through tables or graphs or combination of both. The table should have table number, title, data in textual form or numerical form, labels, and sources if necessary. The table title should be written above it. Graph should have x and y axis, numbers and labels. Graph title should be written below it. Researchers use graph to show percentages of the respondents. Most of them prefer bar graph to show the data clearly.

Results and Discussions

Results and Discussions refer to the research findings and discussion about the findings. These findings should answer the research problems. The results or findings are supported with theories and studies that had been mentioned or stated in the review of related literature and studies. State and discuss also the agreements and disagreements, conflicting theories or certain gaps in the study. The decision of the researcher to accept or reject the research hypothesis has been stated with certain numerical value. The interpretation of data is also clearly stated.

Chapter 5 – SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

There is an introductory statement before the summary.

Summary

Summary focuses on the overview of the findings but not the repetition what had been stated in Results and Discussion. The researcher should state his findings after the investigation.

Conclusions

The formulation of Conclusions or generalizations should be based on the findings. No more numerical data in the Conclusions. Instead, the Conclusions should be written in paragraph form.

Recommendations

Recommendations are purely suggestions of the researcher. The Recommendations should be based on the conclusions or generalizations made. There might introductory statement which will be followed by some suggestions that may improve the study or suggesting further investigations which focus on the weaker points or uncovered portion of the study. Suggestions may be written in bullet form.

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